Education And Training
Profession in surveying
According to Ghilani, C. & Wolf, P. (2012) Land Surveying, which has recently also been interc hangeably called Geomatics has traditionally been defined as the science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the Earth’s surface, or of establi shing such points. In a more general sense, however, surveying (geomatics) can be regarded as th at discipline which encompasses all methods for measuring and collecting information about the physical earth and our environment, processing that information, and disseminating a variety of r esulting products to a wide range of clients.
A Land Surveyor
A land surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to conduct one, or more, of the following activities
To determine, measure and represent the land, three−dimensional objects,point−fields, and
trajectories
To assemble and interpret land and geographically related information
To use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea a
nd any structures thereon and to conduct research into the above practices and to develop them. (FIG)
Land Surveyor Classification.
Land Surveying is primarily classified as under:
1. Plane Surveying
is that type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is consi
dered as a plane and the spheroidal shape is neglected. All triangles formed by survey lin
es are considered plane triangles. The level line is considered straight and all plumb lines
are considered parallel.
2. Geodetic Surveying
is that type of surveying in which the shape of the earth is taken into
account. All lines lying in the surface are curved lines and the triangles are spherical tria
ngles. It therefore, involves spherical trigonometry. All Geodetic surveys include work of
larger magnitude and high degree of precision. The object of geodetic survey is to deter
mine the precise position on the surface of the earth, of a system of widely distant points
which form control stations to which surveys of less precision may be referred
Detailed Functions
The Land surveyor’s professional tasks may involve one or more of the following activities, whic
h may occur either on, above, or below the surface of the land or the sea and may be carried out i
n association with other professionals.
1. The determination of the size and shape of the earth and the measurements of all data ne
eded to define the size, position, shape and contour of any part of the earth and monitorin
g any change therein.
2. The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and monitoring of
physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or below the surface of the
earth.
3. The development, testing and calibration of sensors, instruments and systems for the abov
e−mentioned purposes and for other surveying purposes.
4. The acquisition and use of spatial information from close range, aerial and satellite image
ry and the automation of these processes.
5. The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land, including na
tional and international boundaries, and the registration of those lands with the appropriat
e authorities.
6. The design, establishment and administration of geographic information systems (GIS) a
nd the collection, storage, analysis, management, display and dissemination of data.
7. The analysis, interpretation and integration of spatial objects and phenomena in GIS, incl
uding the visualization and communication of such data in maps, models and mobile digit
al devices.
8. The study of the natural and social environment, the measurement of land and marine res
ources and the use of such data in the planning of development in urban, rural and region
al areas.
9. The planning, development and redevelopment of property, whether urban or rural and w
hether land or buildings.
10. The assessment of value and the management of property, whether urban or rural and wh
ether land or buildings.
11. The planning, measurement and management of construction works, including the estim
ation of costs.
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Specialized Types of Land Surveys
Engineering surveying
Engineering surveying is defined as those activities involved in the planning and execution of sur
veys for the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of civil and other: enginee
ring projects. The surveying activities are:
i. Preparation of surveys and related mapping specifications
ii. Execution of photogrammetric and field surveys for the collection of required data inc
luding topographic and hydrographic data
iii. Calculation, .reduction and plotting cf survey data for use in engineering
design
iv. Design and provision of horizontal and vertical control survey networks
v. Provision of line and grade and other layout work for construction and mining activiti
es
vi. Alignment of linear engineering projects.
Control surveys
Control surveys establish a network of horizontal and vertical monuments that serve as a referenc
e framework for initiating other surveys.
Topographic surveys
Topographic surveys determine locations of natural and artificial features and elevations used in
map making.
Cadastral Surveying
Cadastral surveys establish property lines and property corner markers, it is the surveys of the p
ublic lands systems
......
Hydrographic surveys
Hydrographic surveys define shorelines and depths of lakes, streams, oceans, reservoirs, and othe
r bodies of water. Sea surveying is associated with port and offshore industries and the marine en
vironment, including measurements and marine investigations made by shipborne personnel. Hy
drographic also plays an important role in preparation of navigational information for shipping as
well as exploration of marine resources.
Mine surveys
Mine surveys are performed above and below ground to guide tunneling and other operations ass
ociated with mining. This classification also includes geophysical surveys for mineral and energy
resource exploration.
Geoinformatics
The science and the technology which develops and uses information science infrastructure to ad
dress the problems of geography, cartography, geosciences, locations and related branches of sci
ence and engineering.
Aerial surveys
This is the kind of survey of collecting aerial data (digital aerial imagery) by using Aero planes,
helicopters, UAVs (drones), balloons and etc. Normally data collected are aerial photography, Li
DAR and also geophysical data such as aeromagnetic surveys and gravity. Aerial survey should
be distinguished from satellite imagery technologies because of its better resolution, quality and
atmospheric conditions. Nowadays, aerial survey is sometimes recognized as a synonym for aero
photogrammetry, part of photogrammetry where the camera is placed in the air. All Measuremen
ts on aerial images are provided by photogrammetric technologies and methods.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS Satellite Surveying and Satellite Imagery
Surveyors use Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in all kinds of surveying. Satellite imagery is al
so being used to monitor movements on the earth’s surface – arth quake zones, potential mud slides
or even troops on the move in a war zone.
Geographic Information Systems
Geographic Information Systems is simply a computer−based tool that analyzes stores, manipulat
es and visualizes geographic information on a map. The use of GIS is needed to collect data, stor
e, manage, analyze and produce useful information. A land surveyor use the high accurate GPS,
Mobile GIS device and total stations to collect data from site and analyze them to meet the needs
of the community or the environment.
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To determine, measure and represent the land, three−dimensional objects,point−fields, and trajectories
To assemble and interpret land and geographically related information
To use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea a nd any structures thereon and to conduct research into the above practices and to develop them. (FIG)
Land Surveyor Classification.
Land Surveying is primarily classified as under:
1. Plane Surveying
is that type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is consi dered as a plane and the spheroidal shape is neglected. All triangles formed by survey lin es are considered plane triangles. The level line is considered straight and all plumb lines are considered parallel.2. Geodetic Surveying
is that type of surveying in which the shape of the earth is taken into account. All lines lying in the surface are curved lines and the triangles are spherical tria ngles. It therefore, involves spherical trigonometry. All Geodetic surveys include work of larger magnitude and high degree of precision. The object of geodetic survey is to deter mine the precise position on the surface of the earth, of a system of widely distant points which form control stations to which surveys of less precision may be referred
Detailed Functions
The Land surveyor’s professional tasks may involve one or more of the following activities, whic
h may occur either on, above, or below the surface of the land or the sea and may be carried out i
n association with other professionals.
1. The determination of the size and shape of the earth and the measurements of all data ne
eded to define the size, position, shape and contour of any part of the earth and monitorin
g any change therein.
2. The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and monitoring of
physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or below the surface of the
earth.
3. The development, testing and calibration of sensors, instruments and systems for the abov
e−mentioned purposes and for other surveying purposes.
4. The acquisition and use of spatial information from close range, aerial and satellite image
ry and the automation of these processes.
5. The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land, including na
tional and international boundaries, and the registration of those lands with the appropriat
e authorities.
6. The design, establishment and administration of geographic information systems (GIS) a
nd the collection, storage, analysis, management, display and dissemination of data.
7. The analysis, interpretation and integration of spatial objects and phenomena in GIS, incl
uding the visualization and communication of such data in maps, models and mobile digit
al devices.
8. The study of the natural and social environment, the measurement of land and marine res
ources and the use of such data in the planning of development in urban, rural and region
al areas.
9. The planning, development and redevelopment of property, whether urban or rural and w
hether land or buildings.
10. The assessment of value and the management of property, whether urban or rural and wh
ether land or buildings.
11. The planning, measurement and management of construction works, including the estim
ation of costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Specialized Types of Land Surveys
Engineering surveying
Engineering surveying is defined as those activities involved in the planning and execution of sur veys for the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of civil and other: enginee ring projects. The surveying activities are:i. Preparation of surveys and related mapping specifications
ii. Execution of photogrammetric and field surveys for the collection of required data inc luding topographic and hydrographic data
iii. Calculation, .reduction and plotting cf survey data for use in engineering design
iv. Design and provision of horizontal and vertical control survey networks
v. Provision of line and grade and other layout work for construction and mining activiti es
vi. Alignment of linear engineering projects.
Control surveys
Control surveys establish a network of horizontal and vertical monuments that serve as a referenc e framework for initiating other surveys.Topographic surveys
Topographic surveys determine locations of natural and artificial features and elevations used in map making.Cadastral Surveying
Cadastral surveys establish property lines and property corner markers, it is the surveys of the p ublic lands systems......
Hydrographic surveys
Hydrographic surveys define shorelines and depths of lakes, streams, oceans, reservoirs, and othe r bodies of water. Sea surveying is associated with port and offshore industries and the marine en vironment, including measurements and marine investigations made by shipborne personnel. Hy drographic also plays an important role in preparation of navigational information for shipping as well as exploration of marine resources.Mine surveys
Mine surveys are performed above and below ground to guide tunneling and other operations ass ociated with mining. This classification also includes geophysical surveys for mineral and energy resource exploration.Geoinformatics
The science and the technology which develops and uses information science infrastructure to ad dress the problems of geography, cartography, geosciences, locations and related branches of sci ence and engineering.Aerial surveys
This is the kind of survey of collecting aerial data (digital aerial imagery) by using Aero planes, helicopters, UAVs (drones), balloons and etc. Normally data collected are aerial photography, Li DAR and also geophysical data such as aeromagnetic surveys and gravity. Aerial survey should be distinguished from satellite imagery technologies because of its better resolution, quality and atmospheric conditions. Nowadays, aerial survey is sometimes recognized as a synonym for aero photogrammetry, part of photogrammetry where the camera is placed in the air. All Measuremen ts on aerial images are provided by photogrammetric technologies and methods.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS Satellite Surveying and Satellite Imagery
Surveyors use Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in all kinds of surveying. Satellite imagery is al so being used to monitor movements on the earth’s surface – arth quake zones, potential mud slides or even troops on the move in a war zone.
Geographic Information Systems
Geographic Information Systems is simply a computer−based tool that analyzes stores, manipulat es and visualizes geographic information on a map. The use of GIS is needed to collect data, stor e, manage, analyze and produce useful information. A land surveyor use the high accurate GPS, Mobile GIS device and total stations to collect data from site and analyze them to meet the needs of the community or the environment.
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Profession Training
Profession training
IST encourages members to attend organized events as a way of continuing their professional de
velopment and maintain high−value knowledge and practice.
The Program like Seminars, workshops and conferences protect the market reputation of member
s and ensure a high level of quality assurance can be supplied to all members of the community.
The Professional training adds greater credibility and reliance on the service of geospatial profes
sionals provide.
Benefit
Members who participate in IST’s Professional training Program receive a number of benefits including the:
Developing and updating of knowledge and skills,
Learn about new technologies and how it may be able to help your organization,
Opportunity to be innovative and develop new ideas,
Enhancement of career progression,
Networking with other geospatial professionals,
Demonstration of commitment to lifelong learning.